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眼睑痉挛

发布日期:2014-04-16   http://www.zgjsyw.com
导读:眼睑痉挛

郝晓军(整理) 尖峰眼科

6.7 Blepharospasm

SymptomsUncontrolled blinking, twitching, or closure of the eyelids. Always bilateral, but may briefly be unilateral at first onset.SignsCritical. Bilateral, episodic, involuntary contractions of the orbicularis oculi muscles.Other. Disappears during sleep. May have uncontrollable orofacial, head, and neck movements (Meige syndrome).

眼睑痉挛

症状:

不能自控的眨眼、肌肉抽搐或眼睑闭合,常双眼发病,开始发病时也可主要表现为单眼。

主要体征:

双侧的、间歇性的、不随意的眼轮匝肌收缩。

其他体征:

睡眠时症状消失。可存在不能自控的颜面、头颈部肌肉运动。(Meige综合征)

Differential Diagnosis  Hemifacial spasm: Unilateral contractures of the entire side of the face that do not disappear during sleep. Usually idiopathic, but may be related to prior cranial nerve VII palsy, injury at the level of the brainstem, or compression of cranial nerve VII by a blood vessel or tumor. MRI of the cerebellopontine angle should be obtained in all patients to rule out tumor. Treatment options include observation, botulinum toxin injections, or neurosurgical decompression of cranial nerve VII

鉴别诊断:

  1. 半侧面肌痉挛

1)单侧面部肌肉抽搐,睡眠时症状仍持续。

2)常为特发性的,但常与以下因素有关:曾经患有第VII颅神经麻痹、脑干水平损伤、血管或肿瘤压迫第VII颅神经。所有患者均应行脑桥小脑角磁共振检查,排除肿瘤。

3)治疗措施包括观察、注射肉毒杆菌毒素、行第VII颅神经减压术。

MRI of the cerebellopontine angle should be obtained in all patients to rule out tumor.请记住这句话 
Eyelid myokymia: Eyelid twitches, often brought on by stress, caffeine, or ocular irritation. Usually unilateral lower eyelid involvement. Typically self-limited. Can also be secondary to aberrant regeneration of cranial nerve VII after a facial palsy. In such cases, the twitching is sometimes associated with speaking or chewing.

2.眼睑肌纤维抽搐 眼睑抽搐,常因精神压力、咖啡因或眼球受到刺激所致。通常发生于单侧下眼睑,为自限性疾病。也可继发于面瘫后第VII颅神经异常再生。此类患者的眼睑抽搐有时与说话及咀嚼有关。

Tourette syndrome: Multiple compulsive muscle spasms associated with utterances of bizarre sounds or obscenities

3.Tourette综合征 多发性强迫性肌肉痉挛,伴说话方式异常和淫秽语言。

Tic douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia): Acute episodes of pain in the distribution of the fifth cranial nerve, often causing a wince or tic.

4.三叉神经痛 第V颅神经分布区急性阵发性疼痛,常引起眼睑退缩或面部痉挛。

Tardive dyskinesia: Orofacial dyskinesia, often with dystonic movements of the trunk and limbs, typically from long-term use of antipsychotic medications

5.迟发性运动障碍 颜面部肌肉运动障碍,常伴有躯干和四肢的张力障碍性运动,因长期服用抗精神病药物所致。

Apraxia of eyelid opening. Usually associated with Parkinson disease. Unlike blepahrospasm, apraxia of eyelid opening does not feature orbicularis spasm. Instead, apraxic patients simply cannot voluntarily open the eyelids

6.开睑运用不能症 通常伴有帕金森病。与眼睑痉挛不同,开睑运用不能症患者非轮匝肌痉挛,只是不能自主地张开眼睑。

Work-Up 1 History: Unilateral or bilateral? Are the eyelids alone involved, or are the facial and limb muscles also involved? Medications? 2 Slit-lamp examination: Examination for ocular disorders such as dry eyes, blepharitis, or a foreign body. 3 Neuroophthalmic examination to rule out other accompanying abnormalities
4 Typical blepharospasm does not require CNS imaging as part of the work-up. MRI of the brain with attention to the posterior fossa is reserved for atypical cases or other diagnoses (e.g., hemifacial spasm).

检查:

  1. 病史 单侧还是双侧?是眼睑单独受累还是合并颜面、肢体肌肉受累?用药史?

  2. 裂隙灯检查 有无眼部异常如干眼症、睑缘炎或异物。

  3. 神经眼科检查 以排除其他异常。

  4. 典型的眼睑痉挛无需中枢神经系统的影像学检查。不典型病例或其他疾病,如半侧面肌痉挛,需行颅脑磁共振检查,注意颅后窝有无病变。

MRI of the brain with attention to the posterior fossa is reserved for atypical cases or other diagnoses (e.g., hemifacial spasm).请记住 

Treatment 1 Treat any underlying eye disorder causing ocular irritation. See 4.3, Dry-Eye Syndrome and 5.8, Blepharitis/Meibomitis
2 Consider botulinum toxin injections into the orbicularis muscles around the eyelids if the blepharospasm is severe.3 If the spasm is not relieved with botulinum toxin injections, consider surgical excision of the orbicularis muscle from the upper eyelids and brow (e.g., limited myectomy).

治疗:

  1. 治疗引起眼部刺激症状的所有原发性眼部疾患。参见干眼综合征,睑缘炎/睑板腺炎。

  2. 如眼睑严重痉挛,可考虑眼轮匝肌注射肉毒杆菌毒素治疗。

  3. 若注射肉毒杆菌毒素后痉挛仍然不能缓解,可手术切除上睑至眉弓间的眼轮匝肌。

补充两个小材料

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1212176-overview?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0Attend 2014 BEBRF Symposium in Pittsburgh

Introduction (Disclaimer)

Blepharospasm is a neurological condition characterized by forcible closure of the eyelids. The purpose of the Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation (BEBRF) is to undertake, promote, develop and carry on the search for the cause and a cure for benign essential blepharospasm and other related disorders and infirmities of the facial musculature. A useful description of the organization, it’s role and structure, can be found in the BEBRF tab on the top navigation bar and in the brochure known as the blue book, available here

Blepharo means "eyelid". Spasm means "uncontrolled muscle contraction". The term blepharospasm ['blef-a-ro-spaz-m] can be applied to any abnormal blinking or eyelid tic or twitch resulting from any cause, ranging from dry eyes to Tourette's syndrome to tardive dyskinesia. The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) to distinguish it from the less serious secondary blinking disorders. "Benign" indicates the condition is not life threatening and "essential" is a medical term meaning "of unknown cause". Patients with blepharospasm have normal eyes. The visual disturbance is due solely to the forced closure of the eyelids.

Blepharospasm should not be confused with:

  • Ptosis - drooping of the eyelids caused by weakness or paralysis of a levator muscle of the upper eyelid

  • Blepharitis - an inflammatory condition of the lids due to infection or allergies

  • Hemifacial spasm - a non-dystonic condition involving various muscles on one side of the face, often including the eyelid, and caused by irritation of the facial nerve. The muscle contractions are more rapid and transient than those of blepharospasm, and the condition is always confined to one side

This site includes:

  • Information in other languages: Español; Français; Italiano; Korean (see tab in left nav bar)

  • A patient support Bulletin Board (see tab in left nav bar)

  • Contacts for patient support groups

  • Related disorders (see tab in top nav bar)

  • Descriptions of current methods of treatment for blepharospasm (see Treatments tab in top nav bar)

  • an on-line store (see tab in left nav bar) from which one can order a variety of items including brochures, medical reprints, a bimonthly newsletter.

  • Medical information in text and video format for patients and physicians about blepharospasm (see tab in left nav bar)

  • Information about blepharospasm research, including a grant application form {see tab in top nav bar)

  • Information about the Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation (BEBRF) (see tab in top nav bar)

这个疾病,不是罕见,而是从所给的补充材料看,这些病人曾经遭受过非常痛心的待遇。这可能也是出现第一个网站的原因之一。

Botulinum A toxin, or BOTOX, is regarded as the most effective treatment of choice for the rapid but temporary treatment of orbicularis spasm.


The paralytic effect is dose related, with a peak of effect at 5-7 days after injection. Patients typically note the onset of relief 2.5 days after injection, with a mean duration of relief from symptoms of 3 months. More than 5% of treated patients have sustained relief for more than 6 months, although some patients require injections as often as monthly. It takes as much as 6-9 months for the injected muscles to recover from the effects of the toxin, and, occasionally, muscles do not fully return to their preinjection level of function.


Complications of botulinum toxin injections include ptosis (7-11%), corneal exposure/lagophthalmos (5-12%), symptomatic dry eye (7.5%), entropion, ectropion, epiphora, photophobia (2.5%), diplopia (< 1%), ecchymosis, and lower facial weakness.

The incidence of ptosis has been reported as high as 50% of patients treated more than 4 times.

高岩:

群里以前有一个特发性眼睑痉挛的病例讨论大家可以复习一下。

陈力

眼睑痉挛的手术,可以做眶部轮匝肌的切除,必要的时候可以切除部分皱眉肌和降眉肌。同时可以联合提上睑肌的手术。肉毒素一般3月至半年作用会消失。关于颅内血管压迫第VII颅神经的手术方式,是指找到那个位置后把血管拨开,有的中间放一个隔离的东西就可以了。

问 什么情况下选择肉毒,什么情况下手术呢?

陈 我一般根据患者病程来定的。同时给予人工泪液。轻度的眼睑痉挛,没有眉部下垂的,病程半年之内的,用肉毒素有一定的效果的。但是也遇到注射了2次以上依然不能缓解的病例。

李绍伟

眼睑痉挛局限的,肉毒素效果好,这种广泛的,效果不理想,但能有缓解。现在看来手术可能要更加重视了。

魏锐利

早期发现,早期手术,哪怕是一个松弛皮肤的切除意义也很大!

肉毒素的使用,请一定慎重。目前很多肉毒素剂量并不规范,过量注射会引起呼吸肌麻痹,那就是灾难了。

李 眼睑痉挛还是中枢神经核的病因吧?

魏 个人认为大多数以上睑皮肤松弛为主要原因。其他为继发。

陈 我遇到的这类病人,颅内都没有问题。有长期干眼症的,有上睑松弛的,也有曾经做内翻手术切除了过多的皮肤,眼睑闭合不全之后继发的。

李 我遇到的患者多数有精神情绪因素,睡眠不佳、精神压力大、剧烈精神刺激等。我也认为局部因素为辅。所以我一般查视野,然后神经内科会诊。他们有时给口服药,副作用太大,我就给神经营养药、嘱休息放松,人工泪液。再不行就给一次肉毒素看效果,最后就手术。

周奇志 我遇到的是干眼+松驰+痉挛。

(魏 干眼可能是表象 )

去掉眶部轮匝肌和降眉肌的术式

(这个准备做提上睑肌的,提上睑肌折叠)

去皮肤是从眉下切口做的。

推荐大家看EHB里的内容。

但是,对手术他们低估了。

周奇志

(EHB翻译)

眼睑痉挛:一种以不受控制过度眨眼和眼睑抽搐为特征的局部肌力不足。

主要以眨眼增加和断断续续眼睑抽搐甚至眼球疼痛和功能性失明。

流病

在不同的调查中,患病率变化大,从16到133每百万人。

流病调查显示是5%与常染色体显性遗传相关,老年女性可能增加疾病进展,未发现眼睑痉挛与高血压,糖尿病,及帕金森,焦虑症,抑郁症家族史的等关联。

病生/病因:

正常瞬目过程涉及闭睑肌(眼轮匝肌,皱眉肌,降眉肌)和开睑肌(提上班睑肌,额肌)协同作用的结果,而眼睑痉挛是由协同功能失调所致 。

所涉及的位置可沿神经通路控制瞬目的任何地方,从感觉通路到位于中脑的控制中枢到运动通路,感觉末梢接受光,角膜或眼睑刺激,疼痛,情绪,紧张或其他三叉神经刺激。

症状:

此次发病表现为受到一般刺激后瞬目和眼睑痉挛次数增加,病人往往抱怨眼表刺激异物感,眼干,畏光疼痛,面中部或下部痉挛,眉头痉挛或眼睑痉挛。

这些症状往往由单眼向双眼进展。

严重者表现为不能看电视,阅读,写字,开车和视力减退。病人发病前可能有其他面部肌肉运动障碍的病史。

可在睡觉,休息,人工眼泪,牵引,说话,唱歌和浅唱时缓解。

鉴别诊断:

Bell麻痹,

过敏性结膜炎,

眼睑肌纤维抽搐,

M eige综合征,

口下颌肌张力障碍,

治疗:

1.为打破眼睑痉挛循环的知觉通路,配戴带色的可以减少紫外线的太阳镜,以缓解患者的畏光现象。

2.注意眼睑卫生,可以减少眼睑刺激与炎症。人工泪液可以减轻干眼症状。

3.肉毒素A注射治疗虽然是一种姑息治疗,但是非常有效。毒素从肉毒杆菌中提取,通过暂时麻痹相关肌肉,能干扰神经末梢释放乙酰胆碱。在注射后5〜7天达到峰值,平均持续有效时间3个月,持续有效幅度1〜5个月。副作用有:上睑下垂、睑裂闭合不全、干眼症、睑内翻、睑外翻、泪溢、畏光、复视、淤血、面神经无力。肉毒素A应稀释在0.9%不含防腐剂的盐水中,禁止摇动以免起泡,稀释后尽快使用,或冷冻保存。每眼总量不超过25单位,分别在眼周4〜6个注射点,每点2.5〜10个单位,以避免不良反应。注射到眼轮匝肌皮下,皱眉肌和降眉肌内。

4.由于复杂的主要的机理还不清楚,针对眼睑痉挛的药物还不明确。抗抑郁药常用于抑郁加重眼睑痉挛的患者。药物治疗主要是控制由于类胆碱与多巴胺过量、伽马氨基丁酸减少,引起的张力障碍和眼睑痉挛。药物治疗不如肉毒素注射有效,它常用于对肉毒素注射无效,或面中部以下有肌肉痉挛的二线治疗

5.如果肉毒素注射效果不好,可以进行眼轮匝肌切除术。


周:脑干的血管压迫面神经有关?如此,肉毒的确只能暂时缓解了。是否需要解决血管压迫问题?如何解决?

蔡季平

是病因之一,而且手术可见并有效!

由脑外科医生手术,大多数病人有效!但由于要开颅,病人不到万不得已不接受!

我们医院神经外科有人做此手术,术中可见血管和神经分支粘连,分离后症状缓解!

颅内手术多为单侧顽固性病例所考虑!

这是个例的研究报告,可能是原因之一。眼部的问题主要是皮肤松弛致上睑下垂,这一因素是眼科门诊最常见到的。神经和血管原因导致不少病人误治或过度治疗。对于这个问题应该分阶段和不同程度选择治疗方法。

严重的。这种程度手术和肉毒素治疗效果都不好。

吴莹

有一现象、如累及双眼的常不累及囗、如只是一侧囗眼及歡面部肌肉、常又不累及对侧。

对于手术、局部肌肉切除创伤很大、神外科的手术以前的我观察效果真的不确定、有的痊愈、有更多的无效。肉毒素注射因目前都还在我随访中、基本是能缓解症状的。m e i g e 征、肉毒效果差。

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580792/pdf/CN-11-53.pdf

这个是关于眼睑痉挛动物模型的。

陈力

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/7236103/

https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-7236103/{"scope":"all","query":"Blepharospasm surgery. An anatomical approach."}

有一个眼睑痉挛的临床分级,仅供参考:

0级,无症状;

1级频繁不随意瞬目,即瞬目性眼睑痉挛;

2级瞬目时作短时紧闭,即阵挛性眼睑痉挛;

3级,眼睑不随意间隙性紧闭,即间隙性眼睑痉挛,有轻度功能障碍;

4级眼睑不随意强直性持续紧闭,即持续性眼睑痉挛。

1,2级可采取药物治疗,但是疗效不持久。

3,4级多采取手术治疗。

Meige综合征是一种肌张力障碍性疾病。

主要表现眼睑痉挛,口腭部及颈部肌肉的对称性不自主收缩。

Meige综合征被认为属于锥体外系疾病的成人多动症,发病年龄40-60岁。就像吴莹老师说的,一般有下面部的肌肉痉挛。

患者咀嚼,打呵欠,咳嗽时症状可缓解。(Tricks现象)

乔彤

儿童严重眼睑痉挛常请神经内科会诊,排除癫痫等,如果存在,其实神经内科用药治疗也收效颇差。

全身也可以累及,抽动征,有可能所有的骨骼肌都有痉挛。

儿童器质性改变很少的。

孩子的心因和家长的心因,尤其是焦躁的父母,一看到紧锁眉头的家长,我就进行话疗。

Meige综合征为双侧的口、面、颈的张力障碍性疾患,患者除眼睑痉挛外,还有眉,下面部如口唇、下颌、颈部、软聘的运动障碍。这种病人常有吸嘴、咀嚼、开颌、构音障碍和发音障碍等症状。有人认为良性原发性眼睑痉挛是一种小块发作的Meige综合征。

李由

一些特发性眼肌痉挛患者,脑外科会做MRA,如果见到神经或血管受压,做手术有效,而且据说单侧病变手术效果好。

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(病情描述不能少于10字)
健康小提示:注意不要长时间持续疲劳用眼,保护好您的视力.

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